Heliostat Repositioning System and Method

ABSTRACT

A system and method for providing real time control of a heliostat array or CPV/PV module that reduces actuation cost, the disclosure reduces the fixed cost of calibrating and repositioning an individual surface. This simultaneously removes the core engineering assumption that drives the development of large trackers, and enables a system and method to cost effectively track a small surface. In addition to lower initial capital cost, a small heliostat or solar tracker can be pre-assembled, mass-produced, and shipped more easily. Smaller mechanisms can also be installed with simple hand tools and do not require installers to rent expensive cranes or installation equipment.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. Continuation application of U.S. applicationSer. No. 13/118,274 filed on May 27, 2011, which claims priority fromU.S. provisional application No. 61/349,697 filed on May 28, 2010, andU.S. provisional application No. 61/364,729 filed on Jul. 15, 2010, andU.S. provisional application No. 61/419,685 filed on Dec. 3, 2010, allof which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to solar tracking and calibration devices,and in particular a concentrated photovoltaic tracking systems thatrequire constant repositioning to maintain alignment with the sun.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In an attempt to reduce the price of solar energy, many developmentshave been made with respect to lowering the cost of preciselyrepositioning and calibrating a surface with two degrees of freedom. Inconcentrated solar thermal systems, heliostat arrays utilize dual axisrepositioning mechanisms to redirect sunlight to a central tower bymaking the normal vector of the heliostat mirror bisect the anglebetween the current sun position and the target. Heat generated from thecentral tower can then be used to generate steam for industrialapplications or electricity for the utility grid.

Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems take advantage of dual axismechanisms in order to achieve a position where the vector normal to theCPV surface is coincident with the solar position vector. When the CPVsurface is aligned to the sun, internal optics are able to concentratesunlight to a small, high efficiency photovoltaic cell.

Dual axis positioning systems also enable flat plate photovoltaic (PV)systems to produce more power through solar tracking. Compared to fixedtilt systems, dual axis PV systems produce 35-40% more energy on anannualized basis. While this increase in energy production may seemattractive, current technology marginalizes the value of biaxial solartracking by increasing total system capital and maintenance costs by40-50%.

Traditional solutions to the problem of controlling and calibrating anindividual surface fall into one of three main categories: activeindividual actuation, module or mirror ganging, and passive control. Inthe active individual actuation model, each dual axis system requirestwo motors, a microprocessor, a backup power supply, field wiring, andan electronic system to control and calibrate each surface. Moreover,all components must carry a 20+ year lifetime and the system needs to besealed from the harsh installation environment. In an attempt to spreadout the fixed cost of controlling an individual surface, conventionalengineers' thinking within the individual actuation paradigm arebuilding 150 square meters (m̂2) heliostats and 225 square meters PV/CPVtrackers. While control costs are reduced at this size, large trackerssuffer from increased steel, foundational, and installationrequirements.

Another approach attempts to solve the fixed controls cost problem byganging together multiple surfaces with a cable or mechanical linkage.While this effectively spreads out motor actuation costs, it placesstrict requirements on land grading, greatly complicates theinstallation process, and incurs a larger steel cost due to thenecessary stiffness of the mechanical linkages. Due to constant groundsettling and imperfections in manufacturing and installation, heliostatand CPV systems require individual adjustments that increase systemcomplexity and maintenance cost.

Passive systems utilizing hydraulic fluids, bimetallic strips, orbio-inspired materials to track the sun are limited to flat platephotovoltaic applications and underperform when compared to individuallyactuated or ganged systems. Moreover, these systems are unable toexecute backtracking algorithms that optimize solar fields for energyyield and ground coverage ratio.

SUMMARY

It is a general object of some embodiments to provide a low cost solartracking system that is able to precisely control and calibrate asurface with two degrees of freedom without an individualmicroprocessor, azimuth drive, elevation drive, central control system,or backup power supply. These components are replaced by a mechanicalposition locking mechanism with adjustable orientation and a singlerobotic controller that adjusts a large row (100+) of individualmirrors, CPV modules, or flat plate solar panels autonomously.

It is a second general object of some embodiments to eliminate the needfor individual solar calibration sensors by coupling a calibrationsensor system with the robotic controller so that this device candetermine the precise orientation of the a mirror, CPV module, or solarpanel and adjust it according to the field layout, a known target,and/or current sun position.

It is a third general object of some embodiments to lock the position ofthe mechanical position locking mechanism at times when a roboticcontroller is not repositioning it. At its minimum level of complexity,the mechanical position locking mechanism consists of a singledeformable linkage or a joint with high friction.

It is a fourth general object of some embodiments to utilize a gear orgear train system in the mechanical position locking mechanism totransform the rotational repositioning of two input shafts into twodegrees of surface freedom. The orientation of the surface can be lockedthrough the use of an external braking system or by designing the gearor gear train system such that it cannot be back driven.

It is a fifth general object of some embodiments to adjust individualmechanical position locking mechanisms using a magnetic orelectromagnetic interface that eliminates the need for the roboticcontroller to directly contact the mechanical interface supporting theprecisely controlled surface.

It is a sixth general object of some embodiments to substantially reducethe cost and complexity of installation by preassembling rows ofposition locking mechanisms, and by using pole foundations to eliminatethe need to level the installation field.

It is a seventh general object of some embodiments to provide power tothe robotic controller utilizing an onboard energy storage system inconjunction with a charging mechanism.

It is an eighth general object of some embodiments to provide power tothe robotic controller utilizing an electrified rail or tethered wiresystem that eliminates the need for onboard energy storage.

It is an ninth general object of some embodiments to utilize thisheliostat repositioning system in conjunction with central receivers forsolar thermal power, central photovoltaic receivers, central receiversfor water desalination and industrial steam applications, or to costeffectively track a CPV module or PV panel.

A system for controlling multiple solar surfaces comprising a supportbeam or track; a first solar surface of the multiple solar surfacescoupled to a first end of a first support structure, wherein a secondend of said first support structure is coupled to a first position ofthe track beam and said first support structure includes a firstposition locking mechanism; a second solar surface of the multiple solarsurfaces coupled to a first end of a second support structure, wherein asecond end of said second support structure is coupled to a secondposition of the track and said second support structure includes asecond position locking mechanism; and a robotic controller, includingdrive system for positioning said robotic controller on the track and tomodify the direction of the first solar surface when said roboticcontroller is positioned near said first position of the track, and tomodify the direction of the second solar surface when the roboticcontroller is positioned near the second position of said track.

The listing of these general objects of the invention is not exhaustiveand is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

The features and advantages described in the specification are not allinclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantageswill be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of thedrawings and specification. Moreover, it should be noted that thelanguage used in the specification has been principally selected forreadability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selectedto delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an environment in which an embodiment ofthe invention can operate.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a photovoltaic (PV) surface having amechanical position locking mechanism in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a more detailed illustration of the mechanical positionlocking mechanism in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exploded view of the mechanical positionlocking mechanism in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of the mechanical position locking systemattached to a support beam in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a support beam ground mounted system inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a secondary gear train system thatinterfaces with a mechanical position locking mechanism in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of another embodiment of a secondary geartrain system that interfaces with a mechanical position lockingmechanism.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of another embodiment of a secondary geartrain system that utilizes an actuated braking mechanism.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of an electromagnetic interface in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 11 is an illustration of a system that provides power to therobotic controller via a contact based charging system in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 12 is an illustration of a system that provides power to therobotic controller via an electrified rail in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 13 is an illustration of a robotic controller in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 14 is a more detailed illustration of a robotic controller with itstop chassis removed in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a more detailed illustration of an electromagnetic interfacesystem of a robotic controller in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 16 is an illustration of a robotic controller that calibratesand/or adjusts each position locking mechanism using a mechanicalinterface in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 17 is an illustration of a robotic controller that calibratesand/or adjusts each position locking mechanism using two electromagneticinterfaces in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 18 is an illustration of a robotic controller in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 19 is an illustration of a robotic controller utilizing amechanical adjustment interface in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 20 is an illustration of a robotic controller utilizing twoelectromagnetic adjustment interfaces in accordance with an embodiment.

The figures depict various embodiments of the present invention forpurposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readilyrecognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments ofthe structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed withoutdeparting from the principles of the invention described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is now described withreference to the figures where like reference numbers indicate identicalor functionally similar elements.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or to “an embodiment”means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic describedin connection with the embodiments is included in at least oneembodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in oneembodiment” or “an embodiment” in various places in the specificationare not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

Some portions of the detailed description that follows are presented interms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on databits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are the means used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally,conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps (instructions)leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physicalmanipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily,these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic or opticalsignals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared andotherwise manipulated. It is convenient at times, principally forreasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values,elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. Furthermore,it is also convenient at times, to refer to certain arrangements ofsteps requiring physical manipulations or transformation of physicalquantities or representations of physical quantities as modules or codedevices, without loss of generality.

However, all of these and similar terms are to be associated with theappropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels appliedto these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparentfrom the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout thedescription, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or“computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or thelike, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similarelectronic computing device (such as a specific computing machine), thatmanipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic)quantities within the computer system memories or registers or othersuch information storage, transmission or display devices.

Certain aspects of the present invention include process steps andinstructions described herein in the form of an algorithm. It should benoted that the process steps and instructions of the present inventioncould be embodied in software, firmware or hardware, and when embodiedin software, could be downloaded to reside on and be operated fromdifferent platforms used by a variety of operating systems. Theinvention can also be in a computer program product which can beexecuted on a computing system.

The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing theoperations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for thepurposes, e.g., a specific computer, or it may comprise ageneral-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by acomputer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may bestored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is notlimited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks,CD-ROMs, magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), randomaccess memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards,application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any type of mediasuitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to acomputer system bus. Memory can include any of the above and/or otherdevices that can store information/data/programs. Furthermore, thecomputers referred to in the specification may include a singleprocessor or may be architectures employing multiple processor designsfor increased computing capability.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purposesystems may also be used with programs in accordance with the teachingsherein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specializedapparatus to perform the method steps. The structure for a variety ofthese systems will appear from the description below. In addition, thepresent invention is not described with reference to any particularprogramming language. It will be appreciated that a variety ofprogramming languages may be used to implement the teachings of thepresent invention as described herein, and any references below tospecific languages are provided for disclosure of enablement and bestmode of the present invention.

In addition, the language used in the specification has been principallyselected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not havebeen selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter.Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to beillustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention.

Building upon the realization that real time control of a heliostatarray or CPV/PV module incurs wasted actuation cost, embodiments of thepresent invention attempt to eliminate the fixed cost of calibrating andrepositioning an individual surface. This simultaneously removes thecore engineering assumption that drives the development of largetrackers, and enables the present invention to cost effectively track asmall surface. In addition to lower initial capital cost, a smallheliostat or solar tracker can be pre-assembled, mass-produced, andshipped more easily. Smaller mechanisms can also be installed withsimple hand tools and do not require installers to rent expensive cranesor installation equipment.

Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. 1-6 show one configuration for apreassembled row of mechanical position locking mechanisms that are ableto maintain the position of individual surfaces with two degrees offreedom. These surfaces, e.g., solar surfaces, could be curved mirrors,flat mirrors, photovoltaic (PV) modules which can include concentratedphotovoltaic (CPV) modules, or flat plate solar panels. For ease ofdiscussion, these surfaces will be referred to as PV surfaces.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an environment in which an embodiment ofthe invention can operate. FIG. 1 depicts a possible permutation of thedesign wherein the orientation of individual surfaces (101) with respectto a rigid support beam (102) (also referred to herein as a “track”) isadjustable. This support beam can be made out of steel, aluminum,plastic, fiberglass or a material that can provide sufficient rigidityto support a solar surface. This figure shows that each surface isattached to the beam via a mechanical position locking mechanism (103).In one embodiment, an independent robotic controller (104) moves alongthe rigid support beam and interfaces with individual mechanicalposition locking mechanisms to adjust the two-axis orientation ofdistinct surfaces. The robotic controller paradigm leverages the factthat the solar position vector moves by only 15 degrees per hour and isthus able to minimize its cost by adjusting a multiplicity of surfaces.Essentially, better robotics—not lower motor, controller, power supply,or wiring costs—will enable more attractive system economics as thedevice can be continually updated to move faster between stations, makeadjustments more quickly, and carry a longer lifetime.

In an alternate embodiment, the rigid support beam's (track's) onlyfunctional duty is to transport the robotic controller between solarsurfaces. In this embodiment, each mechanical position locking mechanismhas an individual foundation. The rigid support beam thus serves as alightweight track that may be made out of plastic, e.g., polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubing, fiberglass aluminum, steel, or any material ableto support the weight of the robotic controller. The track may be placedadjacent to a multiplicity of mechanical position locking mechanisms.The track may also be flexible to allow for installation tolerances forthe individual foundations supporting each mechanical position lockingmechanism. Utilizing the rigid support beam as a non-structural memberis preferable for photovoltaic applications where a larger amount ofspacing is required between solar surfaces.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a photovoltaic (PV) surface having amechanical position locking mechanism in accordance with an embodiment.FIG. 2 shows that a surface (101) is attached to the mechanical positionlocking mechanism (103), and that this mechanism is attached to the beam(102). This figure also shows a multiplicity of calibration points (201)on the repositionable surface. The general purpose of these points is toenable the robotic controller (104) to sense the orientation of thesurface by determining the distance from its calibration sensor orsensors (202) to a multiplicity of calibration points. The roboticcontroller may then use an onboard computer to fit these discoveredposition of these points to a geometric plane. These calibration pointscan be virtual nodes generated by the robotic controller or physicalmarkers on the surface. Also note that these points are mostly forvisualization purposes and it is not necessary to have physicalcalibration points. In one embodiment, the robotic controller'scalibration system consists of a structured light emission device and acollocated camera able to detect structured light. An onboardimage-processing unit uses triangulation of detected features todetermine depth from the camera. A depth map is then created that fitsthe detected features to a geometric plane. The kinematics ofaforementioned plane determines relative orientation.

FIG. 3 is a more detailed illustration of the mechanical positionlocking mechanism in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 3 is a close upview of the mechanical position locking mechanism. This mechanism may becomposed of a gear train that controls the orientation of a surface withtwo degrees of freedom. It contains an inner linking structure (301), anouter tubular linking structure (302) that envelops the inner linkage,and a right angle gearbox (303A, 303B) mounted to a shaft (304) fixed tothe inner tubular linking structure. In the system's most basicfunctional form, a single gear is fixed to the inner linking structure(305). Rotation of this gear directly adjusts the azimuthal orientationof the surface (101).

An additional gear (306) is fixed to the outer tubular linkage. Rotationof this gear adjusts the position of the input gear (303A) of the rightangle gearbox. The shaft (304) of the output gear (303B) in the rightangle gearbox is fixed to the inner linking structure. The gear fixed tothe inner linkage (305) is thus able to control the azimuthalorientation of the surface, and the gear fixed to the outer linkage(306) is able to control the elevation—or tilt—of the repositionablesurface. The right angle gearbox (303A, 303B) may utilize a bevel,miter, face, magnetic, or worm gear system. Similarly, the gears fixedto the inner and outer linkages (305, 306) could be a part of a spur,miter, bevel, worm, face, harmonic, magnetic, or helical gear system orgear train. These gears may serve as an interface for the roboticcontroller, but are not necessary from a functionality standpoint. As anexample, the robotic controller could engage the inner and outerlinkages (301, 302) and rotate them directly.

The high level purpose of the gear train system is to translate therotation of two input linkages—with fixed rotation axes—into two-axiscontrol of the surface. This mechanism greatly reduces the complexity ofthe robotic controller as both input linkages remain in the sameposition during adjustment. The constraint that both input linkages musthave a fixed rotation axes can be removed in order to reduce thecomplexity of the mechanical position locking mechanism. In thesesystems, the robotic controller would need to compensate for inputlinkages that do not remain in the same position during adjustment.

Taking the present invention's distributed actuation paradigm to anextreme, the mechanical position locking mechanism could consist of asingle lockable or flexible joint that is fixed to the repositionablesurface. In this class of solutions, the robot would be need to be ableto unlock this joint, adjust the surface using an onboard actuationsystem that may contact the surface directly, and lock the joint beforemoving to another mechanical position locking mechanism.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exploded view of the mechanical positionlocking mechanism in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 4 is anexploded view of FIG. 3. The outer tubular linking structure (302) andthe two gears fixed to it are shown as a separate component. This viewdemonstrates that the input gear in the right angle gearbox (303A) isfixed to the outer linking structure (302) and thus rotates around theinner linkage (301). The output gear of the right angle gearbox (303B)is free to rotate about a shaft (304) fixed to the inner linkingstructure. Certain configurations of gears in the mechanical positionlocking mechanism's gear train would allow the system to be back drivenby wind or uneven surface loading. This can be prevented by introducinghigh levels of friction into the system or by selecting a gearsystem—such as worm or harmonic gear set—that cannot be back driven.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of the mechanical position locking systemattached to a support beam in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 5shows that the mechanical position locking mechanism is attached to thesupport beam (102). It also shows how one gear (305) may be attached tothe inner linkage (301), and how another gear (306) may be attached tothe outer linkage (302). In one embodiment, the inner linking structuremay have a flange (501) at its base. This flange would prevent wind orother forces from pulling the mechanical position locking mechanism offof the support beam. The inner linking structure may also interface witha bearing (502) fixed to the support beam (102) in order to reducefriction.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a support beam ground mounted system inaccordance with an embodiment. FIG. 6 shows how the beam (102) may besecurely installed in a ground-mounted system. In one embodiment, poles(601) may be driven into the ground and secured to the beam withmounting clips (602) that may or may not allow for adjustability. FIG. 6depicts this mounting clip as a standard U-bolt. These poles could alsobe set in concrete or attached to weighted ballasts that prevent windfrom overturning the system. In one embodiment, the ballast could besecured to the beam directly with mounting clips or a standard boltpattern. Driven poles present the greatest degree of system flexibilityas they can be installed to varying depths to account for local changesin the field height although in some embodiments the beam (102) does notneed to be leveled. The system may be configured to have a multiplicityof support beams connected together to form one extended row for therobotic controller.

FIGS. 7-9 show other possible configurations for the mechanical positionlocking mechanism. This configuration introduces additional gears to thegear train and a braking mechanism that maintains the position of thesystem at times when the robotic controller is not adjusting thesurface. A braking mechanism is particularly useful for gear trainsystems that do not have inherent anti-back drive properties.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a secondary gear train system thatinterfaces with a mechanical position locking mechanism in accordancewith an embodiment. FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of a secondary geartrain system that interfaces with the input gears (305, 306) of themechanical position locking mechanism (103) shown in FIGS. 1-6. Apurpose of the additional gearing system is to allow for more precisecontrol of an individual surface (101), and/or to provide direct geartrain locking. In one embodiment the robotic controller interfaces withthe final stage component or components in the gear train system tominimize the amount of torque needed to reposition a surface. In thedepicted gear train configuration, a fixed linkage (704) supports thesecondary gear train system. This gear train consists of a top finalstage gear (701) that interfaces with the gear fixed to the outerlinkage (306), and a bottom final stage gear (702) that interfaces withthe gear fixed to the inner linkage (305). These final stage gears mayalso interface with a braking mechanism. This braking mechanism isdesigned to lock the position of the gears, e.g., to prevent anysignificant or substantial movement of the gears and therefore toprevent any significant movement of the surface based on gear slippage,for example, when a robotic controller is not adjusting an individualmechanical position locking mechanism. One such braking mechanismincorporates a gear that cannot be back driven—such as a worm drive—intoany stage of the gear train. This type of gear can passively lock theposition of an individual surface without the addition of an externalbrake.

Other braking mechanisms can function by active engagement anddisengagement with any gear in the gear train system or directly withthe inner and outer linkages. In the depicted model, two springs forcethe top and bottom final stage gears (701, 702) into a gear lockingmechanism (703) in order to prevent the gear train from back driving. Inother configurations, the top and bottom final stage gears may have afixed vertical position and the gear locking mechanism could bespring-loaded. The gear locking mechanism may utilize friction padsand/or positive engagement (705) to prevent the final stage gears fromrotating. In order to adjust the rotation of the final stage gears andreposition the surface, the robotic controller would first need todeactivate the braking mechanism.

It is not necessary for the robotic controller to rotate both finalstage gears in order to control the surface in two axes. For example, ifthe top final stage gear (701) in this configuration is locked and thebottom final stage gear (702) is rotated, then the surface's azimuthalorientation and tilt will be adjusted simultaneously. A roboticcontroller that takes advantage of this effect would need to be able todisengage the top final stage gear from its brake and rotate the bottomfinal stage gear in order to change only the azimuthal orientation ofthe surface.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of another embodiment of a secondary geartrain system that interfaces with a mechanical position lockingmechanism. FIG. 8 demonstrates a simpler secondary gear train systemthat takes advantage of this effect. A fixed linkage (704) may supportthis secondary gear train system. In the depicted embodiment, the gearlocking mechanism (703) works only in conjunction with the bottom finalstage gear (702). The top final stage gear (701) shown in FIG. 7 isreplaced with an actuated braking mechanism (801). One end of thisactuated rod is outfitted with a braking pad (802) that may activelyengage the outer linking structure (302) or the gear fixed to the outerlinking structure (306). This braking pad may utilize friction and/orpositive engagement to prevent the engaged system from rotating. Theother end of this actuated rod (803) may contain metal or magneticmaterial to enable magnetic or electromagnetic adjustment. By actuatingthis system, the robotic controller can effectively lock and unlock theouter linking structure. This braking actuator may be spring-loaded inorder to reduce the complexity of the robotic controller.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of another embodiment of a secondary geartrain system that utilizes an actuated braking mechanism. The secondarygear train system that utilizes an actuated braking mechanism (801)simultaneously locks the position of the gears fixed to the inner andouter linking structures (305, 306). Similar to the actuated brakedepicted in FIG. 8, this braking mechanism may be spring-loaded. Thebraking pad (802) could also be actuated by a screw drive system (901).In order to engage and disengage this braking mechanism, the roboticcontroller must be able rotationally control the actuator's input shaft(902). This input shaft may contain metal or magnetic material to enablemagnetic or electromagnetic adjustment.

A robotic controller interfaces with a mechanical position lockingmechanism (outlined in FIGS. 1-9) in order to adjust the orientation ofa repositionable surface. There are many such interfaces that can beused to accomplish this goal. One class of solutions includes, but isnot limited to, utilizing mechanical engagement to adjust the positionof the input gears and/or braking mechanism. This can be accomplishedusing friction and/or positive engagement. Another class of solutionsincludes, but is not limited to, utilizing magnetic and/orelectromagnetic engagement to adjust the position of the input gearsand/or braking mechanism. This class of solutions has the potential togreatly increase the rated lifetime of the robotic controller, as itenables adjustment without physical contact. This style of engagementalso allows the robotic controller and the mechanical position lockingmechanism to be sealed from each other and the installation environment.Precise station alignment is also less important with electromagneticsystems as magnetic couplings can inherently account for misalignment.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of an electromagnetic interface in accordancewith an embodiment. FIG. 10 outlines one embodiment of a magnetic orelectromagnetic interface. For ease of discussion the use of the term“electromagnetic” herein includes both electromagnetic and magneticinterfaces and effects. In this model, the top final stage gear (701)and the bottom final stage gear (702) are outfitted with a multiplicityof metal disks or magnets (1001). These disks interact with a magneticor electromagnetic system on the robotic controller (not shown). Therobotic controller's magnetic or electromagnetic system may provide anormal force on the top and bottom final stage gears. This effect isdesirable as it can be utilized to disengage a final stage gear from itsbraking mechanism prior to, and throughout the adjustment process. Thismay be accomplished by spring-loading the final stage gears into a gearlocking mechanism (702) that, as a default state, prevents them fromrotating. When the magnetic or electromagnetic system of the roboticcontroller is activated, it provides a normal force that disengages thetop and bottom final stage gears from the gear locking mechanism. Thisin turn allows the robotic controller to directly control the positionof each final stage gear.

From a functionality standpoint, the final gear in the gear train systemmay behave as if it were one half of an axial flux motor. The roboticcontroller may contain the other half of the conceptual axial flux motorand would distribute this complexity—along with the complexity ofindividual calibration, wiring, and surface control—amongst manyposition-locking mechanisms. The scope of the present invention,however, is not meant to be limited to input repositioning viarotational motion. While these systems are conceptually easier tounderstand, the present invention could utilize a variety of inputmotions, including linear or non-linear mechanisms, to actuate therepositionable surface with two degrees of freedom.

FIGS. 11 and 12 demonstrate various methods of providing power to therobotic controller. The robotic controller may require energy in orderto power electronic components and/or an onboard drive system that iscapable of transporting the controller between adjustment stations. Therobotic controller may also require power to adjust individual positionlocking mechanisms.

FIG. 11 shows a system that provides power to the robotic controller viaa contact based charging system in accordance with an embodiment. Thepurpose of this system is to charge an energy storage system onboard therobotic controller. The charging system may be composed of a support arm(1101) that holds a positive (1102) and negative (1103) contact patch.The robotic controller may engage these contact patches with metallicbrushes and/or wheels. The charging system could be placed at any pointalong the beam. In the preferred embodiment, it is placed at the end ofa long row composed of a multiplicity of support beams (102) andposition locking mechanisms (103). The robotic controller may use thecharging system to recharge its energy storage system at any time. If itcarries an onboard energy storage system with a small capacity, it mayrecharge during or at the end of each row adjustment cycle. In anembodiment, it will carry enough energy storage capacity for an entireday of adjustment and recharge at nighttime. The charger may utilizedirect contact or electromagnetic induction to transfer power to therobotic controller. The source of the charging energy may be a batterythat itself is charged using solar energy.

FIG. 12 is an illustration of a system that provides power to therobotic controller via an electrified rail in accordance with anembodiment. FIG. 12 shows a system that can provide continuous power tothe robotic controller via an electrified rail (1201). This system couldbe used to recharge the robotic controller's onboard energy storagesystem or to power the robotic controller directly. The electrified railmay consist of a positive (1202) and negative (1203) contact strip thatthe robotic controller could engage with brushes and/or wheels. Thejunctions (1205) between support beams would require an electrical pathconnector (1204) in order to create a continuous row of electrifiedtrack for the robotic controller. The functional duty of providingcontinuous power could also be achieved by connecting a wire from apower source to the robotic controller. In a tethered system, therobotic controller would require a mechanism—such as a cable carrier—tomanage excess wire.

FIGS. 13-15 demonstrate one embodiment of the robotic controller thatcalibrates and/or adjusts each mechanical position locking mechanismindividually. The purpose of the robotic controller is to aggregate asmany of the complex control elements needed to properly position anindependent surface into one, field replaceable component. At its mostbasic functional level, the robotic controller must be able to movebetween mechanical position locking mechanisms, align itself properly toan adjustment station, disengage a braking mechanism (if necessary),manipulate the mechanical position locking mechanism, and reengage thebraking mechanism (if necessary). Additional calibration sensors may beattached to the robotic controller to enable the robot to determine howthe repositionable surface should be oriented for various solarapplications. FIGS. 13-15 demonstrate how a robotic controller mayadjust and calibrate a mechanical position locking mechanism thatutilizes a gear train system (see FIG. 8) to transmit rotational inputmotion into two degrees of surface freedom.

FIG. 13 is an illustration of a robotic controller in accordance with anembodiment. FIG. 13 depicts an overview of the systems that may beincorporated into the robotic controller (104) in order to achieve theaforementioned basic functional goals. These systems may include, butare not limited to; a drive system (1301) to transport the collection ofsystems between mechanical position locking mechanisms, an electricalpower interface (1302) that is able to receive electrical energy from anelectrified rail (1201), tethered cable, or static charging system, anenergy storage system (1303)(see FIG. 14) that is capable of receivingenergy from the electrical power interface and providing power toonboard systems, a central or distributed processing system (1304)(seeFIG. 14) that is able to give and/or receive commands from variouscomponents, a data logging system (1305)(see FIG. 14) that is capable ofstoring information from onboard sensors, a magnetic, electromagnetic,or mechanical adjustment interface (1306)(see FIG. 14) that is able tomanipulate the mechanical position locking mechanism, a magnetic,electromagnetic, or mechanical adjustment interface (1307) that is ableto engage and/or disengage a braking system, an internal wiring systemto connect system components, a chassis (1308) to house systemcomponents, and a calibration system (1309) that is able to characterizea surface with two degrees of freedom. This calibration system iscomposed of more components that may include, but are not limited to; acamera, an individual processing unit, a structured light emission anddetection system, a laser distance sensor, and a position locationsystem that is able to determine the global or relative positioning ofthe robotic controller.

In an alternate embodiment, multiple robotic controllers may be includedin a single track. This can increase the frequency of adjustments of thesolar surfaces and also provide a fail-safe system in the event one ormore robotic controllers stop operating. The robotic controllers caninclude computers (or other processing devices, for example) that permitwireless or wireline communication to other robotic controllers and/orto a central station (not shown). The central station (or multiplecentral stations) can include processors, memory, storage, wirelesscommunication devices to provide a centralized system that can transmitand receive information to the robotic controllers and to a providesoftware/firmware updates and database updates. The centralizedstation(s) can be local to the robotic controllers, e.g., within severalhundred meters. In addition, the centralized stations may communicatewith a remote headquarters server that can maintain status and provideinstructions to many remote solar energy collection systems.

FIG. 14 is a more detailed illustration of a robotic controller with itstop chassis removed in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 14 shows therobotic controller with its top chassis removed. The depictedpermutation uses two electromagnetic interfaces to adjust the mechanicalposition locking mechanism. One electromagnetic interface (1307) is usedto adjust the position of an actuated braking mechanism (801). If theactuated braking mechanism is spring-loaded and contains metal ormagnetic material, the robotic controller will be able to engage anddisengage the brake by activating and deactivating a simpleelectromagnet. If the actuated braking system utilizes a screw drivemechanism (901) for actuation, the robotic controller's electromagneticinterface provides rotational motion to the actuator's input shaft(902). This may be accomplished by turning the interface into aconceptual axial flux motor wherein one end of the screw actuatedbraking mechanism contains metal or magnetic material and the roboticcontroller's interface (1307) contains electromagnets and controlelectronics.

Another electromagnetic interface (1306) is used to adjust the rotationof the mechanical position locking mechanism's final stage gear. Thisinterface may be composed of static or mobile electromagnets thatinteract with the metal or magnetic disks (1001) attached to the bottomfinal stage gear (702) of the mechanical position locking mechanism.This interface may behave as if it were an axial flux or induction motorwherein the complex components are contained in the robotic controller,and a minimum number of passive components are incorporated into themechanical position locking mechanism.

A power source connected to the electrified rail (not shown) maytransfer energy to the robotic controller. The robotic controllerreceives this electrical energy through an electrical power interface(1302) that may include contact brushes (1401) or wheels. The roboticcontroller may store this electrical energy using its onboard energystorage system (1303).

A drive system (1301) onboard the robotic controller is able totransport the collection of systems between position locking mechanisms.This may be accomplished with a drive motor and drive wheels (1402).This goal may also be achieved through the use of an external drivemechanism such as a belt, chain, or cable drive system.

FIG. 15 is a more detailed illustration of an electromagnetic interfacesystem of a robotic controller in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 15shows a close up view of the electromagnetic interface systems. Onesystem (1307) is used to actuate the braking mechanism and anothermobile electromagnetic system (1306) is used to adjust the rotation ofthe position locking mechanism's bottom final stage gear. The interfacethat controls the actuated braking mechanism may include of a singleelectromagnet that interacts with a spring-loaded braking mechanism viamagnetic engagement.

In this permutation, the mobile electromagnetic system consists of fourelectromagnets (1501) on a rotating platform (1502). The platform isconnected to a drive mechanism (1503) that can provide sufficient torqueto rotate the system. The four electromagnets are activatedsimultaneously and interact with the four metal or magnetic disks (1001)on the bottom final stage gear (702) of the mechanical position lockingmechanism. When the drive system rotates the mobile electromagnet system(1306), this in turn rotates the bottom final stage gear that is nowelectromechanically coupled to the four electromagnets (1501). Thisenables the robotic controller's mobile electromagnetic system to adjustthe positioning of the bottom final stage gear in the mechanicalposition locking mechanism.

FIG. 16 is an illustration of a robotic controller that calibratesand/or adjusts each position locking mechanism using a mechanicalinterface in accordance with an embodiment. This mechanical adjustmentinterface physically engages the final stage gears of the mechanicalposition locking mechanism. This may be accomplished with positiveengagement and/or friction. The depicted system utilizes two adjustmentgears (1601) that mate with the final stage gears of the mechanicalposition locking mechanism. Onboard motors (1602) are attached to theseadjustment gears (1601) and are able to rotate them precisely andindividually. The onboard motors are thus able to control the positionof the solar surface when the adjustment gears (1601) are mated with thefinal stage gears of the mechanical position locking mechanism.

FIG. 17 is an illustration of a robotic controller that calibratesand/or adjusts each position locking mechanism using two electromagneticinterfaces in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 17 demonstrates oneembodiment of the robotic controller that calibrates and/or adjusts eachmechanical position locking mechanism using two static electromagneticinterfaces (1701). Each interface consists of a multiplicity ofelectromagnetic coils (1702) that can be activated individually. Thesecoils interface with the metal or magnetic disks (1001) embedded intothe final stage gears (701, 702) of the mechanical position lockingmechanism. When activated properly, this system may function as if itwere an axial flux or induction motor. These electromagnetic coils maybe powered by the robotic controller's onboard energy storage systemand/or electrical power interface.

FIG. 18 is an illustration of a robotic controller in accordance with anembodiment. FIG. 18 combines the systems described in FIGS. 13-15 andFIG. 8 to better demonstrate how a robotic controller may be used tocalibrate and/or adjust a multiplicity of mechanical position lockingmechanisms. The process may begin with the activation of the roboticcontroller's central processing unit. This computational systemdetermines at a high level how the robotic controller should interactwith the system of mechanical position locking mechanisms. It is alsoable to send low-level commands to onboard components to carry outaforementioned high-level functions. In an embodiment a step in thecomputational process is to pull information from past operationalhistory and/or onboard calibration sensors (1309). This assists therobotic controller in determining its current position on the supportbeam. The next step is to determine how the robot should transportitself to the next adjustment station. Once calculated, the roboticcontroller may activate its drive system—which may include of a singledrive motor attached to a drive wheel, for example—until it arrives atan adjustment station. In order to identify a station, the roboticcontroller may use any of a variety of methods to identify the properposition. Examples include a camera system able to detect the mechanicalposition locking mechanism's features. Its drive system may also utilizeprior knowledge of the system to move the robotic controller apre-calculated distance. The robotic controller may also use a metal ormagnetic material detection system that is able to sense a piece ofmetal or magnet placed at each mechanical position locking mechanism.Once at a position locking mechanism, the central processor may againsend commands to the drive system in order to achieve precise stationalignment.

Before the adjustment process begins, the robotic controller may pulladditional information from its past operational history and/orcalibration sensors to better determine the current orientation of therepositionable surface and/or to calculate the necessary amount ofadjustment. Once this is complete, the robotic controller may activateits electromagnetic interface (1307) that controls the position of theactuated braking mechanism (801). This effectively unlocks the positionof the gear (306) fixed to the outer linking structure.

The electromagnets (1501) in the mobile electromagnetic system (1306)can now be activated. This activation provides a normal force on thebottom final stage gear (702) of the mechanical position lockingmechanism that releases it from the gear locking mechanism (703). Oncedisengaged, the system is unlocked and can be repositioned by activatingthe drive mechanism (1503) that controls the rotational position of themobile electromagnetic system. Adjusting the rotation of the bottomfinal stage gear with the brake disengaged adjusts only the azimuthalorientation of the surface. In order to change the tilt of the surface,the robotic controller can reengage the braking mechanism bydeactivating its electromagnetic braking interface (1307). Adjusting thelower final stage gear with the brake engaged will adjust both tilt andazimuthal orientation.

After the repositioning process is complete, the central processing unitmay log adjustment data for future repositioning sessions. It may alsopull data from its calibration sensors to verify that the surface hasbeen correctly repositioned. This verification process may use any of avariety of methods. Examples include utilizing an onboard light emissionmechanism that projects structured light onto the underside of the solarsurface and a collocated camera that is able to detect patterns ofstructure light on the solar surface. The robotic controller's onboardprocessing unit may then process this information to fit a multiplicityof detected points to a geometric plane. In order to verify that thesurface is correctly positioned, the robotic controller's softwarechecks that the desired orientation of the surface matches the measuredorientation.

FIG. 19 is an illustration of a robotic controller utilizing amechanical adjustment interface in accordance with an embodiment. FIG.19 combines the systems described in FIG. 16 and FIG. 3 to betterdemonstrate how a robotic controller may be used to calibrate and/oradjust a multiplicity of position locking mechanisms utilizing amechanical adjustment interface. The robotic controller's process isvery similar to the process outlined in FIG. 18. However, instead ofactivating an electromagnetic interface to adjust the position of theposition locking mechanism, this configuration uses direct mechanicalengagement.

After the robotic controller has properly aligned itself to anadjustment station and calculated the adjustment needed to reposition asurface, it may physically engage its adjustment gears (1601) with theinput gears (305, 306) of the mechanical position locking mechanism. Theengagement process may be as simple as accurately pulling into anadjustment station and allowing the gear sets to mate. This easyengagement process demonstrates one of the main advantages of selectinga gear train system with input shafts that remain in the same positionthroughout all points of travel. Once engaged, the robotic controllermay activate its onboard motors (1602) to rotate the input gears of themechanical position locking mechanism.

FIG. 20 is an illustration of a robotic controller utilizing twoelectromagnetic adjustment interfaces in accordance with an embodiment.FIG. 20 combines the systems described in FIG. 17 and FIG. 7 to betterdemonstrate how a robotic controller may be used to calibrate and/oradjust a multiplicity of mechanical position locking mechanismsutilizing a two electromagnetic adjustment interfaces (1701). Therobotic controller's process is very similar to the process outlined inFIG. 18. However, instead of using an electromagnetic system to controlan actuated braking mechanism, this configuration uses two staticelectromagnetic systems that are able to disengage the top and bottomfinal stage gears (701, 702) from a gear locking mechanism (703). Thesestatic electromagnetic systems are also able to adjust the rotation ofthe top and bottom final stage gears to effectively reposition themechanical position locking mechanism.

After the robotic controller has properly aligned itself to anadjustment station and calculated the necessary adjustment to repositionthe surface, it may activate both static electromagnetic interfaces.This activation induces a normal force on both the top (701) and bottom(702) final stage gears that releases them from the gear lockingmechanism (703). Once the gear lock has been disengaged, the coils(1702) contained in each static electromagnetic interface may beindividually activated to rotate the top and bottom final stage gears.After the final stage gears have been properly repositioned, the roboticcontroller may deactivate its static electromagnetic systems. Thisremoves the normal force on the gears and allows the spring-loadedsystem to return them to a locked position.

The robotic controller adjustment process is much simpler in gear trainsystems that have inherent anti-back drive properties. These systems donot require the robotic controller to manipulate a braking mechanismduring the adjustment process.

While particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated anddescribed herein, it is to be understood that the invention is notlimited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein andthat various modifications, changes, and variations may be made in thearrangement, operation, and details of the methods and apparatuses ofthe present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention as set forth in the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for controlling multiple solar surfacescomprising: a track for supporting a controller; a first solar surfaceof the multiple solar surfaces coupled to a first end of a first supportstructure, wherein a second end of said first support structure isadjacent to a first position of said track and said first supportstructure includes a first position locking mechanism; a second solarsurface of the multiple solar surfaces coupled to a first end of asecond support structure, wherein a second end of said second supportstructure is adjacent to a second position of said track and said secondsupport structure includes a second position locking mechanism; and arobotic controller, including drive system for positioning said roboticcontroller on said track and to modify a direction of said first solarsurface when said robotic controller is positioned near said firstposition of said track, and to modify a direction of said second solarsurface when said robotic controller is positioned near said secondposition of said track.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein a size of saidfirst solar surface is less than four square meters and a size of saidsecond solar surface is less than four square meters.
 3. The system ofclaim 1, wherein said robotic controller further comprises: a positionsensing device for identifying when said robotic controller ispositioned near said first or second positions; an alignment module,disposed to interact with said first position locking mechanism whennear said first position and disposed to interact with said secondposition locking mechanism when near said second position.
 4. The systemof claim 3, wherein said first position locking mechanism includes: afirst inner linking structure, for moving said first solar surface inresponse to interactions with said alignment module; a first outerlinking structure, positioned around a portion of said first innerlinking structure, for moving said first solar surface in response tointeractions with said alignment module.
 5. The system of claim 4,wherein said first inner linking structure adjusts the azimuthalorientation of said first solar surface; and wherein said first outerlinking structure adjusts the elevation orientation of said first solarsurface.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said first inner linkingstructure includes a first inner linking gear that interacts with saidalignment module.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein said first outerlinking structure includes a first outer linking gear that interactswith said alignment module.
 8. The system of claim 3, wherein saidalignment module interacts with said first position locking mechanismusing a mechanical interface.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein saidalignment module includes alignment gears that couple to gears in thefirst position locking mechanism to modify the direction of said firstsolar surface when said robotic controller is positioned near the firstposition.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein said alignment moduleincludes alignment gears that couple to gears in the second positionlocking mechanism to modify the direction of said second solar surfacewhen said robotic controller is positioned near the second position. 11.The system of claim 3, wherein said alignment module interacts with saidfirst position locking mechanism using an electromagnetic interface. 12.The system of claim 11, wherein said first position locking mechanismincludes at least one first electromagnetic device and wherein saidalignment module includes at least one second electromagnetic device,wherein said electromagnetic interface includes said first and secondelectromagnetic devices.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said secondelectromagnetic device causes said first electromagnetic device to moveand to modify the direction of said first solar surface.
 14. The systemof claim 1, wherein said first position locking mechanism prevents anysubstantial movement of said first support structure when in the lockedposition.
 15. The system of claim 1, wherein said track is not level.16. The system of claim 1, wherein said robotic controller is positionedwithin said track.
 17. The system of claim 1, wherein said trackincludes a cover, wherein said cover and track form an enclosed path andwherein said robotic controller travels along said enclosed path. 18.The system of 1, wherein said robotic controller includes: a calibrationsensor to detect a first orientation of said first solar surface whenpositioned near said first position and to detect a second orientationof said second solar surface when positioned near said second position.19. The system of claim 18, wherein said robotic controller includes: apower charging mechanism for charging an internal power storage device.20. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second roboticcontroller, wherein said first and second robotic controllerscommunicate with each using a wireless communication system.